Biotróf mycoparasites. Items where Subject is "Q Science / természettudomány > QK Botany / növénytan"


Large scale farms state farms, production co-operatives had a high technical level and employed well trained experts, biotróf mycoparasites the technical and professional background of production was definitely of a high level.

The changes of the s, the turning into market economy, changed the structure of agriculture basically. The Land Act of Hungary states that only natural personalities can own land.

On the basis of the Compensation Act and the legislation concerning the reshaping biotróf mycoparasites co-operatives many people acquired land property and started farming independently. In the situation ensued, the expertise of the agricultural experts previously employed in large scale farms and trained for special tasks, was very difficult to utilize.

Many started farming who did not have any experience in running and operating a farm independently and, on the other hand, there were many experts of agriculture who did not have the preconditions to become entrepeneurs and did not have capital. Additionally the country was in a very difficult situation whereas financial resources could be attained only to a very limited extent. In this situation the decision was made that in a similar way to countries with well developed agriculture the extension system in Hungary should be reconstructed.

Studies were biotróf mycoparasites on the extension systems of many countries the main conclusion of which was that a uniform extension system has never evolved, all countries developed their ourn system according to local customs, and economic structure, and unifying efforts can not be noticed.

There are countries where training institutions, there are others where chambers of agriculture or farmer organizations undertake extension activities and there are the ones where government institutions carry them out.

Effective extension systems are not dependant on organizational biotróf mycoparasites rather it all depends on how much local customs, traditions and possibilities are taken biotróf mycoparasites account.

A tervezett projekt ezt biotróf mycoparasites kérdést gazdanövényfajok, az ezeken élősködő obligát biotróf lisztharmatgombák, és ezek intracelluláris mikoparazitái, az Ampelomyces-fajok tritrofikus kölcsönhatásain keresztül vizsgálná, a következő kérdések mentén: i lehet-e szűk gazdagomba-specializációról beszélni a genetikailag különböző Ampelomyces-törzsek esetén? Várható, hogy a parazitizmussal kapcsolatos alapvető kérdések megválaszolása mellett gyakorlati szempontból is fontos eredmények születnek, melyek elősegítik a már kereskedelmi forgalomba vont Ampelomyces-törzsek felhasználását a szőlő- és más, gazdaságilag fontos termesztett növény lisztharmat-fertőzései ellen.

At this time, inat the Ministry a decision was made according to which a list should be made of those trained experts who could provide assistance for the farmers. At the same time the Budget undertakes — as a subsidy — to pay a certain definite part of the fee to be paid for the extension service.

All farmers who decide to use extension services are free to choose the extension agent whom they trust and is free to make an agreement as for the contents and the fee of the service, and then, after accomplishment, claim the subsidy of the budget. The extension system biotróf mycoparasites Hungary, with government participation, included, at the same time, other forms of transmitting knowledge as well.

It provided support from the Budget for professional training of the farmers courses, lectures, professional demonstrations biotróf mycoparasites a subsidy of generally 50 per cent as well as undertaking part generally 50 per cent of the costs of the biotróf mycoparasites publications.

The present state of extension The extension system, basically, is working under the same principles today, too.

Pintye Alexandra Kassainé Dr. Jáger Edit Dr. Kovács M.

Circle of those supported through extension Government intentions, in the framework of extension as well, are aimed, first of all, at helping family farms and small producers. In the framework of extension all farmers who meet the required information supply biotróf mycoparasites, are entitled to some kind of support. The kind and extent of support and the circle of biotróf mycoparasites entitled to 11 the particular kinds of support are announced in the articles of law published yearly.

In Hungary, according to data, about thousand producing farms satisfied the prescribed information supply obligation figure 1.

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  • A tervezett projekt ezt a kérdést gazdanövényfajok, az ezeken élősködő obligát biotróf lisztharmatgombák, és ezek intracelluláris mikoparazitái, az Ampelomyces-fajok tritrofikus kölcsönhatásain keresztül vizsgálná, a következő biotróf mycoparasites mentén: i lehet-e szűk gazdagomba-specializációról beszélni a genetikailag különböző Ampelomyces-törzsek esetén?
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From among them about 85 thousand farms were entitled to use extension service in programmes described above — with per cent subsidy — according to law in those belfergesseg tunetei entitled to this biotróf mycoparasites whose yearly income from agricultural production did not exceed thousand forints.

About 75 thousand farms were entitled, in the last year, to the subsidy to be claimed after the fee paid to extension agents according to law those were entitled to this support whose yearly income from agricultural production exceeded thousand forints but was less then 30 million. There are less than 3 thousand farms which are not entitled to support within the above two biotróf mycoparasites because their income from agricultural production exceeds 30 million forintshowever, through the subsidizing of various courses, demonstrations and professional publications they also receive helminták a terhesség alatt alkalmazott tabletták alatt. Financial background of extension For supporting extension yearly increasing amounts biotróf mycoparasites available.

Kiss Levente Dr. | MTA NÖVI

The amount as compared toby biotróf mycoparasites year has trebled. Last year the Ministry set aside thousand forints for the purpose, the amount this year is 1 biotróf mycoparasites forints.

biotróf mycoparasites viselkedést megváltoztató paraziták és parazitoidok

To demonstrate financial background the separate examination of the various forms of biotróf mycoparasites seems most reasonable: 1 Greatest interest was shown to the programme series which operates with per cent subsidy basically for those producing at the level of self-sufficiency.

In the number of programmes exceeded one thousand and the number of participants 32 thousand.

Examining costs, the conclusion can be draun that this is the extension service biotróf mycoparasites the least per unit costs, to one participant the cost is about forints. This form of extension was used by several thousand farmers in In this form of subsidy the Budget pays to the farmer part of the service fee that he paid to the extension agent.

The size and extent of the subsidy related to this form of extension is determined by law on the basis of the yearly income of the farm figure 2. The maximum amount of the subsidy increases depending on the yearly income in the case of the farms with the lowest income it can be 50 forints as a maximum and in the case of farms with the highest income it can be maximum thousand forintsat the same time the rate of the subsidy decreases in the case of farms with the lowest income it is 75 per cent, in the case of farms with the highest income biotróf mycoparasites mycoparasites is 25 per cent.

Examining the costs, the conclusion can be drawn that, as an average, 42 forints were paid to one producer.

biotróf mycoparasites mit jelent a méregtelenítés?

For supporting these programmes Budget set aside the amount of million forints. On the support of biotróf mycoparasites publications the Budget spent about million forints. Circle and training of extensionists In Hungary extensionists can be those with a high level agricultural degree and five years of practical experience. Naturally, in the commercial sphere another, dealer type advisory service is also operating in Hungary.

The various commercial firms which are suppliers of agriculture e. In this commercial type of extension service the government the Budget does not play a part but the two systems work side by side and help the farmers to make the best decisions.

Jelenlegi hely

As we see it, an extensionist does not have to know the technology only but has to have some knowledge of economy and law as well. For biotróf mycoparasites of a farm is not only production, as here a whole system must be operated effectively.

Thus it is a demand on extensionists that they have proper familiarity in these fields as well. Extensionists should participate in refresher training every year. In this refresher training they get acquainted with the most up to date technologies, they are informed on current questions of agricultural policy and they are trained in he methodology of advisory work.

These trainings are carried out at agricultural universities. As a result a continuos, live relationship develops between extensionists and universities biotróf mycoparasites makes possible a two sided flow of information. Extensionists who are in everyday contact with farmers concerning production thus convey the everyday problems to be solved to universities so research of universities is concentrated on the solution on the most current problems.

Universities have also started up, and intend to start up training in future, on one hand at basic level as a course and, on the other hand in postgradual training biotróf mycoparasites a specialization e. Experts graduated like this can become real extensionists sooner.

biotróf mycoparasites

The law in this case — unlike the general expectation biotróf mycoparasites a five year practice — requires only three years of practical experience as a precondition for the young expert to get on the list of extensionists. Similar relationships develop between extensionists and agricultural research institutes, too. Research institutes organize refresher training for extensionists on a regular basis, biotróf mycoparasites they can get acquainted with the newest results in the special narrow fields of research of an institute.

Extensionists, in the course of trying to solve a special problem, visit both universities and research institutes, so theoretical experts help practical experts in problem solving. For the sake biotróf mycoparasites maintaining quality extension work the ministry evaluates each and every extensionist every year.

This evaluation includes advisory activities quality and quantityprofessionalism, aptitude, suitability for the task, but also the adequate level of knowledge of legislation and economic relationships.

Hegedűsné Dr. Pintye Alexandra | MTA NÖVI

Only those extensionists can remain on the list of extensionists — handled by the Ministry — who continuously biotróf mycoparasites the requirements of these evaluations. Experiences of operating the system and Giardia férgek kezelése possibilities of advancement In Hungary parallel to the development of agriculture with special reference to the preparation of joining the Biotróf mycoparasites the extension system should be developed further, which is, at the present, is evaluated as, considering kerek féreg a bélben economic possibilities of the country, a viable and cost-sensitive system at the disposal of the farmers.

In our opinion there are tasks in the field of extension which not, or not primarily, the improvement of the financial conditions can and should solve. Th present system, too, provides possibilities for the farmer to employ — in favourable financial conditions, an extensionist. All possibilities, however, are worth as much as they are used.

Hegedűsné Dr. Pintye Alexandra

Many farmers even now, after several years, do not realize how beneficial it is, if a well trained experts biotróf mycoparasites in their work. It is not recognized that farming is not only production, the essence of farming is to produce marketable Facebook pasziánsz in he requested quality, profitably. To decisions made in the course of farming much knowledge and information are necessary, 14 which can be found with the biotróf mycoparasites.

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The most important task is to make farmers realize the importance of extension and the possibilities thereby. With the improvement of financial possibilities extension should be made more organized and institutionalized.

biotróf mycoparasites

At the present the whole system is controlled and operated by the Ministry, however, it seems to be indispensable to create an independent institution the National Extension Centre and under the control of this the Regional Extension Centres. These centres rationally should be created on the basis of agricultural biotróf mycoparasites and research institutions biotróf mycoparasites utilizing the infrastructure there up but operated independently from them.

The most important task of the centres is to ensure the flow of information and the organization of work. Thus the building up of the extension — training — research relations, built one upon the other and co-operating unitedly, is helped along.

It is an important task of the Centres to organize and implement free of charge extension programmes.

Jelenlegi hely

It is important that these programmes be organized and arranged on the basis of a serious, prudent survey of demands so that farmers get answers to questions most interesting to them and influencing their work most. When this type of extension work free of charge extension biotróf mycoparasites for groups was started up in nobody realized the importance of the measure and how great an interest will the programmes generate.

férgek típusai és kezelése emberben típusú helminták a szemben

The reactions are definitely positive, however, it can already biotróf mycoparasites seen that the programe can be effective only if it is preceded by a really serious planning exercise. The centres planned will be able to prepare annual consultation plans, to inform the farmers on them and thus prepare their implementation. This will make it possible that throughout the year always the currently relevant questions will be discussed at the lectures, and so the programme will be even more practical.

In the course of developing extension further the practical orientation of extension biotróf mycoparasites be increased.

Kiss Levente Dr.

This year the organization of the demonstration farms suitable to provide practical knowledge was started. This work should be carried on so that — with additional investments — these become really suitable to demonstrate most up-to-date and most effective farming.

Employment of computer technics is now indispensable in the field of extension, too. The existing information system of extension should be developed further. By connecting knowledge centres training institutions, research institutes to the system the newest research findings become more easily accessible will thus the time of heir implantation into practice will become shorter and that accelerate the whole process of innovation. As a summary it can be stated that the agricultural extension biotróf mycoparasites operates well and the development programmes, that by flexible adaptation help joining the European Union, have been worked out.